API RP 2001:2019 pdf download

API RP 2001:2019 pdf download.Fire Protection in Refineries.
5.5 Location
5.5.1 General
The location of a refinery ideally will provide usable area ample for safe spacing of all facilities, with an allowance for buffer zones and future expansion. Consideration should be given to the nature of adjacent properly and its relative location to the refinery, since refineries may expose these properties to a variety of potential hazards. Conversely, since adjacent properties can also expose the refinery to different types of hazards, those potential hazards should be taken into consideration in locating the refinery or evaluating hazards. For example, the location of neighboring airports and the prescribed landing patterns of aircraft could present collision hazards. Location should be considered in conjunction with proposed layout of facilities (5.6).
5.5.2 ClImate and Geography
Natural penis such as windstom’is. floods, and earthquakes can create fire hazards. The frequency and severity of these events should be taken into consideration when designing refinery systems. For example, certain areas subØct to potential earthquakes require special bracing of equipment Areas subject to extreme cold and heavy snow may require special designs to prevent equipment failure due to freezing or excessive snow or ice loading. along with the resultant fire hazards associated with those conditions. See 8,4 and Annex B.
Prevailing wind direction is generally unreliable. However, design of facilities with the potential for release of flammable or toxic materials should include awareness of prevailing wind conditions In siting and emergency response planning, This may reduce the probability of ignition or exposure by taking note of the seasonal variance of prevailing wind direction. Wind socks can help evaluate conditions if there should be a release: these need to be maintained to be functional and may not help if frozen or unlit at night.
5.5.3 Availability of Water
Availability of sufficient fire water and process water from internal, industrial, municipal or natural resources is an important requirement when considering the refinery operation and emergency response. Further details on water supply are discussed in 6.2 and 5.10.4.
5.5.4 Supplementary Local Fir. Protection
The availability and resources available from local public or private fire departments should be investigated. Well- equipped public fire departments can be of valuable assistance. However, these departments generally do not train In fighting large petroleum fires so shanng of training facilities and experience can be mutually beneficial. Mutual-aid organizations, including other refineries or allied plants located in the same area, should be investigated. Members of such mutual-aid organizations frequently have specialized equipment designed for industrial use and have proven beneficial at locations where they have been put into effective operation. The availability of these organizations can influence the amount of private fire protection equipment and staffing required. In at least one area a nonprofit industnal firefighting group Is jointly owned through industry membership.
5.6 Layout and Spacing
5.6.1 General
The layout of process units, utilities and equipment will vary widely, depending on topography, types of units and equipment to be installed and, to some extent, site operating conditions. However, in develop4ng the overall layout of a refinery from a fire protection standpoint, it is important to consider the potential of fire escalation.
f)ensure compliance with applicable codes and regulations.
A review of the need for a second means of egress from elevated structures should take into consideration thefollowing:
a)frequency and number of personnel on the elevated structures;
b) type, volume, and pressure of the hydrocarbon sources that could restrict egress in the event of a fire;c) availability of fire suppression equipment to immediately quench a fire and safeguard the exit routes;d) height of the structures and the ability of personnel to move laterally away from the fire hazard.5.6.5 Layout of Process Units
Inplanning thelayoutof process units and supporting facilities, consideration must begiven to safety, environmentalimpact, constructability,economy, operability, and efficiency of process and maintenance operations.
Declisions on layout should take into account several factors including:
a) Minimizing involvement of adjacent facilities in a fire and hence prevent the escalation of an incident.
b) Ensure that critical emergency facilities are not subject to fire damage.
c)Exposure to radiation during fires and overpressure from explosions.
d)Access for firefighting, fire trucks and other types of emergency equipment.
e) Access for operators to perform emergency isolation and shutdown actions in a fire or other emergency.
f)Prevailing wind and continuous ignition sources.
g)Access for normal operation and maintenance.
h)Access for turnaround maintenance activities.